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Last updated: Wednesday 14 January 2026 @ 16:54:45

Contributors

转载自liuzengh/combinatorial-mathematics

1. 计算(123)(234)(5)(14)(23),并指出它所在的共轭类。

(13)(24)(5), 中型为的置换共有,

(12)(34)(5), (13)(24)(5), (14)(23)(5),
(12)(35)(4), (13)(25)(4), (15)(23)(4),
(12)(45)(3), (14)(25)(3), (15)(24)(3),
(13)(45)(2), (14)(35)(2), (15)(34)(2),
(23)(45)(1), (24)(35)(1), (25)(34)(1)
1->4->2->3
2->3->4
3->2->3->1
4->1->2

*2.求正四面体关于顶点集合{1, 2, 3, 4}的置换群

(i)不旋转,对应于恒等变换,确定出型的置换 1 个;
(ii)以顶点和相对面中心的连线为轴旋转,可旋转 120°,(1)(234)和 240°,(1)(243),确定出 型的置换 8 个;
(iii)以相对棱中点的连线为轴旋转,可旋转 180°,(12)(34), 确定出 型的置换 3 个。
综上所述,上述 12 个置换构成所求置换群。

*3.设D是n元集合,G是D上的置换群。对于D的子集A和B,如果存在使得,则称A与B是G等价的.求G的等价类的个数。

,对于 D 的子集 A,定义映射, 其中 ,则 A 与 B 是 G 等价的等同于是 G 等价的, 问题转化为则问题转化为求在$

4.对本题中顶点进行m着色,问有多少中着色方案?

$D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, R = {c_1, c_2, \cdots, c_m}, F = {f | f: D\rightarrow R}G = {\sigma_I, (1357)(2468), (15)(26)(37)(48), (1753)(2864)}P_G(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_9) = \frac{1}{4}(x_1^8 + 2x_2^4 + x_4^2)l = P_G(m, m, \cdots, m) = \frac{1}{4}(m^8 + 2m^4 + m^2)$

5. 由0, 1, 6,8,9组成的n位数,如果把一个数调转过来读得到另一个数,则称这两个数是相等的。例如0168与8910, 0890和0680是相等的。问不相等的n位数由多少个?

位置集$D = {1, 2, \cdots, n}R={c_1, c_2, c_3, c_4, c_5}F ={f|f:D\rightarrow R}G = {\sigma_I, \tau}\tau = (1, n)(2, n-1)(3, n-2) \cdots\frac{1}{2}(x^5 + x_2^{\frac{n}{2}})\frac{1}{2}(5^n + 5^{\frac{n}{2}})\frac{1}{2}(x^5 + x_2^{\frac{n-1}{2}})\frac{1}{2}(5^n + 5^{\frac{n-1}{2}})$

6. 用三色珠子串成4珠项链,要求各种颜色的珠子至少有一个。问有多少种不同的项链?

$D = {1, 2, 3, 4}, R={c_1, c_2, c_3}, F={f| f: D\rightarrow R}w(c_1)= r, w(c_2)=g, w(c_3) = bG = {\sigma_I, (1234), (13)(24), (1432), (24), (13), (12)(43), (14)(23)}P_G(x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4) = \frac{1}{8}(x_1^4 + 2x_1^2x_2 + 3x_2^2 +2x_4)x_1 = x_2 = x_3 = 3l = P_G(3, 3, 3) = \frac{1}{8}(3^4 + 2\times3^2\times3 + 3\times 3^2 + 3) = 21r^2gb, rg^2b, rgb^23\times \frac{1}{8}(\frac{4!}{2!1!1!} + 2\cdot2) = 6$

7. 把4个球a,a,b,b放入3个不同的盒子里面,求分配方案数。若不允许空盒,问有多少种分配方案?

解法1:
$D={a_1, a_2, b_1,b_2}, R={盒1, 盒2, 盒3}, F= {f|f:D\rightarrow R}G={\sigma_I, (a_1a_2), (b_1b_2), (a_1a_2)(b_1b2)}P_G(x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4)=\frac{1}{4}(x_1^4+2x_1^2x_2 + x_2^2)(ab, a, b), (bb, a, a), (aa, b, b)A_3^3 + 2\cdot\frac{3!}{2!} =12$

8.用4种颜色(红、黄、绿、蓝)对正四面体的顶点着色,求着色方案数。若要求m(m=0, 1, 2, 3, 4)个顶点为红色,求着色方案数。

$D = {1, 2, 3, 4}, R={c_1, c_2, c_3, c_4}, w(c_1)= r, w(c_2)=y, w(c_3)=g, w(c_4)=b, F = {f| f:D\rightarrow R}1^41^13^12^2P_G(x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4) = \frac{1}{12}(x_1^4 + 8x_1x_3 + 3x_2^2)x_1=x_2=x_3 =x_4 = 4\frac{1}{12}(4^4 + 8\cdot4\cdot4+3\cdot4^2) = 368 w(c_2)=y=1, w(c_3)=g=1, w(c_4)=b=1r^4, r^3, r^2, r^1, r^0$对应的系数180,132,72,36和12。

9. 证明式(8.7.2)

$F_iD\overset{\sim}G\overset{\sim}G$和G的势相同。由Burnside定理,式(8.7.2)成立。

*10. 设$s=(1234)t=(1243)g\in S_4s=g^{-1}tgS_4$共轭的。

(34), (124), (132), (1423)

from itertools import permutations
s = {1:2, 2:3, 3:4, 4:1}
t = {1:2, 2:4, 3:1, 4:3}
p = permutations([1, 2, 3, 4])
for p1 in p:
    g = { i:p1[i-1 ]for i in range(1, 5)}
    l1 = [t[g[i]] for i in range(1, 5)]
    l2 = [g[s[i]] for i in range(1, 5)]
    if l1 == l2:
        print(g)
{1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 4, 4: 3}
{1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 3, 4: 1}
{1: 3, 2: 1, 3: 2, 4: 4}
{1: 4, 2: 3, 3: 1, 4: 2}

11. 写出$S_4iZ_1 = {\sigma_I, (23), (24), (34), (234), (243)}Z_2 = {\sigma_I, (13), (14), (34), (134), (143)}Z_3 = {\sigma_I, (12), (14), (24), (124), (143)}Z_4 = {\sigma_I, (12), (13), (23), (123), (132)}$

12. 在8.5节例6中,令$w(红色)=r, w(蓝色)=b$。

(1)写出着色方案的模式表

$r^4 + r^3b + 2r^2b^2 + rb^3 + b^4$

(2)将正方形的四个顶点分别标记为1,2,3,4.则正方形的旋转群 $G= \sigma^0, \sigma^1, \sigma^2, \sigma^3\sigma = (1234)w_1 = b^4, w_2 = r^2b^2w_1, w_2\overset{\sim}Gw_1 = b^4, F_1 = {f_{16}}\overset{\sim}G = {\pi_{(1)}^{1}} = {\pi_{(2)}^{1}} = {\pi_{(3)}^{1}} = {\pi_{(4)}^{1}}, \pi_{(i)}^{1}(f_{16}) = f_{16}w_2 = r^2b^2, F_2 ={f_6, f_7, f_8, f_9, f_{10}, f_{11}}\overset{\sim}G = {\pi_{(1)}^{2}, \pi_{(2)}^{2}, \pi_{(3)}^{2}, \pi_{(4)}^{2}} = {\sigma_I, (f_6f_7f_8f_9)(f_{10}f_{11}), (f_6f_8)(f_7f_9), (f_6f_9f_8f_7)(f_{10}f_{11})}$

13.将2个红色球和2个蓝色球放在正六面体的顶点上,问有多少种不同的方案?

没有放置球的顶点的颜色统一设置为绿色。所以该问题等价于$D={1, 2, \cdots, 8}, R={c_1, c_2, c_3}, w(c_1)=r, w(c_2)=b, w(c_3)=g, F={f|f:D\rightarrow R}1\times 1^8, 8\times 1^23^2, 6\times 4^2, 9\times 2^4P_G(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_8) = \frac{1}{24}(x_1^8 + 8x_1^2x_3^2 + 6x_4^2 + 9x_2^4)r^2g^4b^2$

14. 将8个相同的骰子堆成一个正六面体,问有多少种不同的方案?

一个骰子可以露出3个共顶点的面,相当于8种颜色的球放置在正方体的8个顶点上。所以该问题等价于$D={1, 2, \cdots, 8}, R={c_1, c_2, \cdots, c_8}, w(c_1)=r, w(c_2)=b, w(c_3)=g, F={f|f:D\rightarrow R}1\times 1^8, 8\times 1^23^2, 6\times 4^2, 9\times 2^4P_G(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_8) = \frac{1}{24}(x_1^8 + 8x_1^2x_3^2 + 6x_4^2 + 9x_2^4)x_1=x_2=\cdots=x_8=8\frac{1}{24}(8^8 + 8^5 + 6\cdot 8^2 + 9 \cdot 8^4)$

15. 用$PolyaM={\infty\cdot a_1, \infty \cdot a_2, \cdots, \infty \cdot a_n}D={1, 2, \cdots, r}, R={a_1, a_2, \cdots, a_n}, F={f|f:D\rightarrow R}G={\sigma_I, \sigma, \sigma^2, \cdots, \sigma^{r-1}}\sigma\frac{360}{r}\sigma^i(1\le i \le r-1)r^1\phi(r)\phi(\cdot)d(d\ge2)(\frac{r}{d})^d\phi(\frac{r}{d})x_1 = x_2 = \cdots = x_r = n\phi(n)\phi(n) = n(1-\frac{1}{p_1})(1-\frac{1}{p_2}) \cdots (1-\frac{1}{p_q})\phi(1) = 1$

16. 用6种颜色涂立方体的6个面,使得每面颜色均不相同的涂法有多少种?

$D={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, R={c_1,c_2, c_3, c_4, c_5, c_6}, F = {f|f:D\rightarrow R}\sigma_I1^6180^01^22^2P_G(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_6) = \frac{1}{4}(x_1^6 + 3x_1^2x_2^2)w_1w_2\cdots w_6\frac{1}{4}(\frac{6!}{1!1!1!1!1!1!}) = 180$

17. 在6种颜色种选取一种或多种颜色涂立方体的面,涂法有多少种?若6种颜色中有一种是红色,则有多少种涂法使得立方体中恰好有3面是红色的?

$D={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, R={c_1,c_2, c_3, c_4, c_5, c_6}, F = {f|f:D\rightarrow R}\sigma_I1^6180^01^22^2P_G(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_6) = \frac{1}{4}(x_1^6 + 3x_1^2x_2^2)x_1 = x_2= \cdots = x_6 = mC_6^m\frac{1}{4}(m^6+3m^2m^2) = \frac{1}{4}C_6^m(m^6+3m^4)5: w_1^3w_2^3, 20:w_1^3w_2^2w_3, 10:w_1^3w_2w_3w_45\cdot \frac{1}{4}(\frac{6!}{3!3!}+3\cdot \frac{2!}{1!1!} \frac{2!}{1!1!}) + 20 \cdot \frac{1}{4}(\frac{6!}{3!2!1!} + 3\cdot \frac{2!}{1!1!} \frac{2!}{1!1!}) + 10\cdot \frac{1}{4}(\frac{6!}{3!1!1!1!}) = 40+360+300 = 700$

18. 在一个有7匹马的旋转木马上用n种颜色着色,问有多少种可供选择的方案(旋转木马只能旋转不能翻转)?

参见习题15题。

$D={1, 2, \cdots, 7}, R={c_1, c_2, \cdots, c_n}, F={f|f:D\rightarrow R}G={\sigma_I, \sigma, \sigma^2, \cdots, \sigma^{r-1}}\sigma\frac{360}{r}\sigma^i(1\le i \le 6)7^1\phi(7) = 6\phi(\cdot)\frac{1}{7}(x_1^7+6x_7)x_1 = x_2 =\cdots = x_7 = n\frac{1}{7}(6n + n^7)$

19. 给一根8尺长的棍子着色,每尺着不同的颜色,共有m种颜色可供选择。仅有的变换是翻转$180^0$,因此置换群G只有两个元素。

(1) 标出棍子的每一尺,G是什么?

$G=\sigma_I, (18)(27)(36)(45)$

(2) 给棍子着色,有多少种方案?

轮换指标$P_G(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_8) = \frac{1}{2}(x_1^8 + x_2^4)x_1 = x_2 = \cdots = x_8 = m\frac{1}{2}(m^8 + m^4)$

(3)给三尺着蓝色,三尺着红色,两尺着绿色,有多少种着色方案?

$w_1(c_1) = r, w_2(c_2) = g, w_3(c_3) = br^3g^2b^3\frac{1}{2}\frac{8!}{3!2!3!} = 280$

(4) 给三尺着蓝色,两尺着绿色,两尺着黄色,一尺着红色,有多少种着色方案?

$w_1(c_1) = r, w_2(c_2) = g, w_3(c_3) = b, w(c_4) = yrg^2b^3y^2\frac{1}{2}\frac{8!}{3!2!2!1!} = 840$

20. 证明二维欧几里得空间的刚体旋转变换集合$T = {T_{\alpha}}T_\alpha :T={T_\alpha}$, 但是没有指明相应的二元关系。

21.证明:

(1)$A = {1, -1}1\times -1 = -1, 1\times 1 = 1, -1\times -1 = 1, -1\times 1 = 1\forall x, y \in Ax\times y \in A1, \forall x \in A, x \times 1 = x\frac{1}{x}, \forall x \in A, \exists \frac{1}{x}\in A, x\times \frac{1}{x} = 1$
(2)整数集Z在加法运算下是一个群;

封闭性: $\forall x, y \in Zx + y \in A0, \forall x \in A, x + 0 = x-x, \forall x \in A, \exists -x \in A, x + (-x) = 0$

(3) 集合$G = {0, 1, \cdots, n-1}\forall x, y \in A(x + y) , mod , n \in A0, \forall x \in A, (x + 0), mod , n = xn-x\forall x \in A-{0}, \exists n-x \in A, (x + n-x), mod , n = 0$

*补充题-Page207例7。求正方体的24个旋转也确定出6面构成的集合上的24个置换,它们的构成6次24阶置换群及型(仿照例4)

参见8.7节例2